It also marks the first major change to the instruction set used by Macintosh computers since Apple switched Macs from PowerPC to Intel in 2006. Apple claims the chip has the world's fastest CPU core "in low power silicon" and the world's best CPU performance per watt.
The M1 was released in November 2020, followed the next year by the Apple M1 Pro and M1 Max versions. These differ largely in size and the number of functional units: for example, the original M1 has about 16 billion transistors the largest M1 Max, 57 billion. The M1 runs Apple's own macOS and iPadOS operating systems. Initial support for the M1 SoC in the Linux kernel was released on June 27, 2021, with version 5.13. The memory architecture makes the RAM not user-upgradeable it is sold with 8 GB or 16 GB, which is shared among all compute units. The initial versions contain an architectural defect permitting sandboxed applications to exchange data, violating the security model. In October 2020, Apple began trial production of Apple M1 and conducted related tests. On November 11, 2020, Apple M1 was officially released. The M1 has four high-performance "Firestorm" and four energy-efficient "Icestorm" cores, providing a hybrid configuration similar to ARM DynamIQ and Intel's Lakefield and Alder Lake processors. This combination allows power-use optimizations not possible with previous Apple–Intel architecture devices. Apple claims the energy-efficient cores use one-tenth the power of the high-performance ones.
The high-performance cores have an unusually large 192 KB of L1 instruction cache and 128 KB of L1 data cache and share a 12 MB L2 cache the energy-efficient cores have a 128 KB L1 instruction cache, 64 KB L1 data cache, and a shared 4 MB L2 cache. The SoC also has a 16MB System Level Cache shared by the GPU. The M1 integrates an Apple designed eight-core (seven in some base models) graphics processing unit (GPU). Each GPU core is split into 16 Execution Units, which each contain eight Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs). In total, the M1 GPU contains up to 128 Execution units or 1024 ALUs, which Apple says can execute up to 24,576 threads simultaneously and which have a maximum floating point (FP32) performance of 2.6 TFLOPs. The M1 uses 4,266 MT/s LPDDR4X SDRAM in a unified memory configuration shared by all the components of the processor. The SoC and RAM chips are mounted together in a system-in-a-package design.
8 GB and 16 GB configurations are available.
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